Reproductive BioMedicine Online
Volume 21, Issue 6 , Pages 794-802 , December 2010

Female gender pre-selection by maternal diet in combination with timing of sexual intercourse – a prospective study

  • A.M. Noorlander

      Affiliations

    • Gender Consult, PO Box 618, 5550 AP Valkenswaard, The Netherlands
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author.
  • ,
  • J.P.M. Geraedts

      Affiliations

    • Maastricht University, Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
  • ,
  • J.B.M. Melissen

      Affiliations

    • Delft University of Technology, Delft Institute of Applied Mathematics, PO Box 5031, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands

Received 16 March 2010 ,Revised 29 July 2010 ,Accepted 17 August 2010.

References 

  1. Ben Porath Y, Welch F. Do sex preferences really matter?. Quart. J. Econ. 1976;90:285–307
  2. Berge-Landry HV, James GD. Serum electrolyte, serum protein, serum fat and renal responses to a dietary sodium challenge: allostasis and allostatic load. Ann. Hum. Biol. 2004;31:477–487
  3. Biggar RJ, Wohlfahrt J, Westergard T, Melbye M. Sex ratios, family size, and birth order. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1999;150:957–962
  4. Bolet GL, Guenguen P, Dando P, Ollivier L. Influence of mineral diet of the sow on the sex ratio of newborn. Reprod. Nutr. Dev. 1982;22:1073–1081
  5. The CIA World Factbook. <https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/> (accessed 24.02.10).
  6. Devaure N, Dabadie H, Paccalin J. Influence des apports nutritionnels dans le déterminisme du sexe. Diet. Med. 1989;2:155–163
  7. Duc, M., 1977. De l’influence des apport nutritionnels en ions K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+ sur la sex-ratio chez l’homme. Ph.D. thesis, Université de Paris-Val-de-Marne, 56p.
  8. France JT, Graham FM, Gosling L, Hair P, Knox BS. Characteristics of natural conceptual cycles occurring in a prospective study of sex preselection: fertility awareness symptoms, hormone levels, sperm survival and pregnancy outcome. Int. J. Fertil. 1992;37:244–255
  9. Fraser CG. Biological Variation: From Principles to Practice. Washington, DC: AACC Press; 2001;
  10. Geraedts JP. X spermatozoa larger than Y in 1973. Mol. Hum. Reprod. 1997;3:545–546
  11. Gray RH, Simpson JL, Bitto AC, et al. Sex ratio associated with timing of insemination and length of the follicular phase in planned and unplanned pregnancies during use of natural family planning. Hum. Reprod. 1998;13:1397–1400
  12. Grenache DG, Gronowski AM. Reproductive testing: ovulation and pregnancy. In:  Nichols JH editors. Point of Care Testing: Performance Improvement and Evidence Based Outcomes. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc.; 2003;p. 455–476
  13. In:  Hardy ICW editors. Sex Ratios: Concepts and Research Methods. Cambridge University Press; 2002;
  14. Herbst C. Untersuchungen zur Bestimmung des Geschlechts: II. Die Abhängigheit des Geschlechts vom Kaliumgehalt des umgebenden Mediums bei Bonella viridis. Roux Arch. Ent. Org. 1935;132:578–599
  15. Himmel W, Michelmann HW. Preconception sex selection: a survey of visitors to an internet-based health forum. Reprod. Biomed. Online. 2008;16(Suppl. 1):18–26
  16. Hudson P, Buckley R. Vegetarian diets: are they good for pregnant women and their babies?. Pract. Midwife. 2000;3:22–23
  17. Jacobsen R, Møller M, Engholm G. Fertility rates in Denmark in relation to the sexes of preceding children in the family. Hum. Reprod. 1999;14:1127–1130
  18. James WH. The variations of human sex ratio at birth with time of conception within the cycle, coital rate around the time of conception, duration of time taken to achieve conception, and duration of gestation: a synthesis. J. Theor. Biol. 2008;255:199–204
  19. Jeambrun P. Escolha pré-concepcional do sexo por meio de dieta. Servir. 1989;38:179–182
  20. Karabinus DS. Flow cytometric sorting of human sperm: MicroSort® clinical trial update. Theriogenology. 2009;71:74–79
  21. Kleegman SJ. Can sex be predetermined by the physician?. In:  Ingelman-Sundberg A,  Westin B editor. Fifth World Congress of Fertility and Sterility, Stockholm, Sweden, June 16–22. 109:Excerpta Medica; 1966;p. 1185
  22. Lorrain J. Pre-conceptional sex selection. Int. J. Gynecol. Obstet. 1975;13:127–130
  23. Mangasarian OL. Linear and nonlinear separation of patterns by linear programming. Oper. Res. 1965;13:444–452
  24. Mathews F, Johnson PJ, Neil A. You are what your mother eats: evidence for maternal preconception diet influencing foetal sex in humans. Proc. R. Soc. B: Biol. Sci. 2008;275:1661–1668
  25. McSweeney L. A prospective study of sex preselection in Ondo, Nigeria, using the Billings ovulation method of natural family planning. Bull. Nat. Fam. Plan. Counc. Victoria. 1993;20:9–16
  26. Mortimer D, Richardson DW. Sex ratio of births resulting from artificial insemination. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 1982;89:132–135
  27. Nybo Andersen AM, Wohlfahrt J, Christensen P, Olsen J, Melbye M. Maternal age and fetal loss: population based register linkage study. Br. Med. J. 2000;320:1708–1712
  28. Papa F, Henrion R, Breart G. Sélection pré-conceptionelle du sexe par la méthode ionique. J. Gynecol. Obstet. Biol. Reprod. (Paris). 1983;12:415–422
  29. Sampson JH, Alexander NJ, Fulgham DL, Burry KA. Gender after artificial induction of ovulation and artificial insemination. Fertil. Steril. 1983;40:481–484
  30. Shettles LB. Factors influencing sex ratios. Int. J. Gynecol. Obstet. 1970;8:643–647
  31. Sokal RR, Rohlf FJ. Biometry: The Principles and Practice of Statistics in Biological Research. third edition. New York: Freeman; 1994;ISBN: 0-7167-2411-1
  32. Silverman AY, Stephens SR, Drouin MT, Zack RG, Osborne J, Ericsson SA. Female sex selection using clomiphene citrate and albumin separation of human sperm. Hum. Reprod. 2002;17:1254–1256
  33. Stolkowski J. Influence possible de la nutrition minérale sur la répartition des sexes chez la vache: une enquête rétrospective. C. R. Acad. Sci. D (Paris). 1967;265:1059–1062
  34. Stolkowski J, Choukroun J. Preconception selection of sex in man. Isr. J. Med. Sci. 1981;17:1061–1067
  35. Stolkowski J, Choukroun J. Sélection préconceptionnelle du sexe dans l’espèce humain par le déterminisme ionique. Rev. Fr. Endocrinol. Clin. Nutr. Metab. 1984;25:237–259
  36. Stolkowski J, Choukroun J. Diététique et sélection préconceptionnelle du sexe. Rev. Fr. Diet. 1986;119:4–9
  37. Stolkowski J, Lorrain J. Preconceptional selection of fetal sex. Int. J. Gynecol. Obstet. 1980;18:440–443
  38. Vahidi AR, Sheikhha MH. Comparing the effects of sodium and potassium diet with calcium and magnesium diet on sex ratio of rats’ offspring. Pak. J. Nutr. 2007;6:44–48
  39. Westerterp KR, Goris AHC. Validity of assessment of dietary intake: problems of misreporting. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care. 2002;5:489–493
  40. Wilcox AJ, Weinberg CR, Baird DD. Timing of sexual intercourse in relation to ovulation. N. Engl. J. Med. 1995;333:1517–1521
  41. Wyatt CJ, Velázquez C, Grijala I, Valencia ME. Dietary intake of sodium, potassium and blood pressure in lacto-ovo-vegetarians. Nutr. Res. 1995;15:819–830

 Annet Noorlander obtained her BSc and MSc degrees in Biology at Utrecht University, The Netherlands in 1985. She has been working at research and development departments of the Central Institute for Nutrition Research, CIVO-TNO, in Zeist and Quest International in Naarden, The Netherlands, specializing in human nutrition and food chemistry. At present she is a senior consultant at Gender Consult advising parents in applying natural sex selection techniques. Her current research interests include natural sex selection techniques and circumstances that can influence sex ratio.

PII: S1472-6483(10)00549-3

doi: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2010.08.002

Reproductive BioMedicine Online
Volume 21, Issue 6 , Pages 794-802 , December 2010