Abstract
KEYWORDS
Introduction
- Beckers N.G.
- Macklon N.S.
- Eijkemans M.J.
- Ludwig M.
- Felberbaum R.E.
- Diedrich K.
- Bustion S.
- Loumaye E.
- Fauser B.C.
- Kolibianakis E.M.
- Bourgain C.
- Platteau P.
- Albano C.
- Van Steirteghem A.C.
- Devroey P.
- van der Linden M.
- Buckingham K.
- Farquhar C.
- Kremer J.A.
- Metwally M.
- van der Linden M.
- Buckingham K.
- Farquhar C.
- Kremer J.A.
- Metwally M.
Classification of progestogens

Pharmacological characteristics of progesterone and dydrogesterone
- Doblinger J.
- Cometti B.
- Trevisan S.
- Griesinger G.
Receptor | Parameter | Dydrogesterone | DHD | Progesterone |
---|---|---|---|---|
Progesterone receptor | RBA (%) | 15.9 | 15.9 | 100 |
Agonistic (RAA, %) | 176 | 2 | 100 | |
Antagonistic (RIA, %) | << | << | << | |
Androgen receptor | RBA, % | 10.0 | 0.8 | 100 |
Agonistic (RAA, %) | 0.6 | << | 100 | |
Antagonistic (RIA, %) | +, b Progesterone exerted anti-androgenic effects at the pre-receptor level with over 90% inhibition of 5α-reductase type 2 (an androgen-producing enzyme), whereas dydrogesterone and its major metabolite showed only weak inhibition (up to 16%) of this enzyme. << specifies very low/negligible activity: values were not calculated if the EC50 or IC50 were >10 000 nM. DHD, 20α-dihydrodydrogesterone; EC50, half maximal effective concentration; IC50, half maximal inhibitory concentration; NR, not reported; RAA, relative agonist activity; RBA, relative binding affinity; RIA, relative inhibitory activity. | +, b Progesterone exerted anti-androgenic effects at the pre-receptor level with over 90% inhibition of 5α-reductase type 2 (an androgen-producing enzyme), whereas dydrogesterone and its major metabolite showed only weak inhibition (up to 16%) of this enzyme. << specifies very low/negligible activity: values were not calculated if the EC50 or IC50 were >10 000 nM. DHD, 20α-dihydrodydrogesterone; EC50, half maximal effective concentration; IC50, half maximal inhibitory concentration; NR, not reported; RAA, relative agonist activity; RBA, relative binding affinity; RIA, relative inhibitory activity. | << b Progesterone exerted anti-androgenic effects at the pre-receptor level with over 90% inhibition of 5α-reductase type 2 (an androgen-producing enzyme), whereas dydrogesterone and its major metabolite showed only weak inhibition (up to 16%) of this enzyme. << specifies very low/negligible activity: values were not calculated if the EC50 or IC50 were >10 000 nM. DHD, 20α-dihydrodydrogesterone; EC50, half maximal effective concentration; IC50, half maximal inhibitory concentration; NR, not reported; RAA, relative agonist activity; RBA, relative binding affinity; RIA, relative inhibitory activity. | |
Glucocorticoid receptor | RBA, % | 17.5 | 2.0 | 100 |
Agonistic (RAA, %) | << | << | << | |
Antagonistic (RIA, %) | 28 | 2 | 100 | |
Mineralocorticoid receptor | RBA, % | NR | NR | NR |
Agonistic (RAA, %) | << | << | << | |
Antagonistic (RIA, %) | 3 | 0.3 | 100 | |
Oestrogen receptor-α | RBA, % | << | << | << |
Agonistic (RAA, %) | NR | NR | NR | |
Antagonistic (RIA, %) | NR | NR | NR |
Mechanisms of progesterone action
- Fatemi H.M.
- Bourgain C.
- Donoso P.
- Blockeel C.
- Papanikolaou E.G.
- Popovic-Todorovic B.
- Devroey P.
- Fatemi H.M.
- Bourgain C.
- Donoso P.
- Blockeel C.
- Papanikolaou E.G.
- Popovic-Todorovic B.
- Devroey P.

Luteal phase support in IVF and assisted reproductive technology
- Beckers N.G.
- Macklon N.S.
- Eijkemans M.J.
- Ludwig M.
- Felberbaum R.E.
- Diedrich K.
- Bustion S.
- Loumaye E.
- Fauser B.C.
- van der Linden M.
- Buckingham K.
- Farquhar C.
- Kremer J.A.
- Metwally M.
- Friedler S.
- Raziel A.
- Schachter M.
- Strassburger D.
- Bukovsky I.
- Ron-El R.
- van der Linden M.
- Buckingham K.
- Farquhar C.
- Kremer J.A.
- Metwally M.
- van der Linden M.
- Buckingham K.
- Farquhar C.
- Kremer J.A.
- Metwally M.
- Ghobara T.
- Gelbaya T.A.
- Ayeleke R.O.
Safety data related to progestogen use
- Shi H.
- Yang S.
- Liu Y.
- Huang P.
- Lin N.
- Sun X.
- Yu R.
- Zhang Y.
- Qin Y.
- Wang L.
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
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Biography
