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Birefringence properties of human immotile spermatozoa and ICSI outcome
As recently acknowledged by the World Health Organization (WHO), male infertility is a global health issue affecting millions of couples and individuals ( https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/infertility ). There is currently a ubiquitous decline in natural fertility and a significant increase in the use of medically assisted reproduction (MAR) as a strategy to overcome the problems with conceiving (Skakkebæk et al., 2022). Advanced female age consequent to delayed childbearing (Choi et al., 2022), as well as a higher incidence of male infertility, are the most common indications for MAR treatment (Jafari et al., 2021).
